Sensory Integration

• • Aman JE, Elangovan N, Yeh IL, Konczak J. Ahearn DJ, Umapathy D. Vestibular impairment in older people frequently contributes to dizziness as part of a geriatric syndrome. Clin Med (Lond). 2015;15(1):25-30. doi:10.7861/clinmedicine.15-1-25 Front Hum Neurosci. 2015;8:1075. Published 2015 Jan 28. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.01075 
  • Arshad Q, Seemungal BM. Age-Related Vestibular Loss: Current Understanding and Future Research Directions [published correction appears in Front Neurol. 2017 Aug 21;8:391]. Front Neurol. 2016;7:231. Published 2016 Dec 19. doi:10.3389/fneur.2016.00231
  • Brundle C, Waterman HA, Ballinger C, et al. The causes of falls: views of older people with visual impairment. Health Expect. 2015;18(6):2021-2031. doi:10.1111/hex.12355
  • Curzon-Jones BT, Hollands MA. Route previewing results in altered gaze behaviour, increased self-confidence and improved stepping safety in both young and older adults during adaptive locomotion. Exp Brain Res. 2018;236(4):1077-1089. doi:10.1007/s00221-018-5203-9Brundle C, Waterman HA, Ballinger C, et al. The causes of falls: views of older people with visual impairment. Health Expect. 2015;18(6):2021-2031. doi:10.1111/hex.12355
  • Deems DA, Deems RO, O'Malley BW Jr. Managing Challenges in an Aging Vestibular System: Rehabilitation Strategies Normalize Balance Function in a Cohort of Patients Up to 99 Years. Ear Nose Throat J. 2019;98(1):37-43. doi:10.1177/0145561318824541 
  • Dhital A, Pey T, Stanford MR. Visual loss and falls: a review. Eye, 2010; 24: 1437–1446. 
  • Ferlinc A, Fabiani E, Velnar T, Gradisnik L. The Importance and Role of Proprioception in the Elderly: a Short Review. Mater Sociomed. 2019;31(3):219-221. doi:10.5455/msm.2019.31.219-221
  • Gunn SM, Lajoie K, Zebehazy KT, Strath RA, Neima DR, Marigold DS. Mobility-Related Gaze Training in Individuals With Glaucoma: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019;8(5):23. Published 2019 Oct 9. doi:10.1167/tvst.8.5.23
  • Henry M, Baudry S. Age-related changes in leg proprioception: implications for postural control. J Neurophysiol. 2019;122(2):525-538. doi:10.1152/jn.00067.2019
  • Horak,F.  Postural orientation and equilibrium: what do we need to know about neural control of balance to prevent falls?, Age and Ageing, Volume 35, Issue suppl_2, September 2006, Pages ii7–ii11 
  • Jeng YJ, Young YH. Evolution of vestibular disorders in older adults: From young-old to middle-old to oldest-old. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2020;20(1):42-46. doi:10.1111/ggi.13813
  • Karen Joan Suetterlin, Avan Aihie Sayer, Proprioception: where are we now? A commentary on clinical assessment, changes across the life course, functional implications and future interventions, Age and Ageing, Volume 43, Issue 3, May 2014, Pages 313–318
  • Klatt, Brooke & Carender, Wendy & Lin, Chia-Cheng & Alsubaie, Saud & Kinnaird, Catherine & Sienko, Kathleen & Whitney, Susan. (2015). A Conceptual Framework for the Progression of Balance Exercises in Persons with Balance and Vestibular Disorders. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation- International. 2. 1044.  
  • Lee SC. Relationship of visual dependence to age, balance, attention, and vertigo. J Phys Ther Sci. 2017;29(8):1318-1322. doi:10.1589/jpts.29.1318
  • Martins E Silva DC, Bastos VH, de Oliveira Sanchez M, et al. Effects of vestibular rehabilitation in the elderly: a systematic review. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2016;28(4):599-606. doi:10.1007/s40520-015-0479-0
  • Osoba MY, Rao AK, Agrawal SK, Lalwani AK. Balance and gait in the elderly: A contemporary review. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2019;4(1):143-153. Published 2019 Feb 4. doi:10.1002/lio2.252
  • Scott W Shaffer, Anne L Harrison, Aging of the Somatosensory System: A Translational Perspective, Physical Therapy, Volume 87, Issue 2, 1 February 2007, Pages 193–207, Srivastava A, Ahmad OF, Pacia CP, Hallett M, Lungu C. The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion. J Mov Disord. 2018;11(3):93-106. doi:10.14802/jmd.18018
  • Uiga L, Cheng KC, Wilson MR, Masters RS, Capio CM. Acquiring visual information for locomotion by older adults: a systematic review. Ageing Res Rev. 2015;20:24-34. doi:10.1016/j.arr.2014.12.005
  • Virgili G, Rubin G. Orientation and mobility training for adults with low vision. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;2010(5):CD003925. Published 2010 May 12. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003925.pub3
  • Zukowski LA, Iyigün G, Giuliani CA, Plummer P. Effect of the environment on gait and gaze behavior in older adult fallers compared to older adult non-fallers. PLoS One. 2020;15(3):e0230479. Published 2020 Mar 20. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230479

Equilibrium Strategies

• • Cho BL, Scarpace D, Alexander NB. Tests of stepping as indicators of mobility, balance, and fall risk in balance-impaired older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52(7):1168-1173. doi:10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52317.x
  • Craig JJ, Bruetsch AP, Huisinga JM. Coordination of trunk and foot acceleration during gait is affected by walking velocity and fall history in elderly adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2019;31(7):943-950. doi:10.1007/s40520-018-1036-4
  • Dite W, Temple VA. A clinical test of stepping and change of direction to identify multiple falling older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2002;83(11):1566-1571. doi:10.1053/apmr.2002.35469
  • Giannouli E, Morat T, Zijlstra W. A Novel Square-Stepping Exercise Program for Older Adults (StepIt): Rationale and Implications for Falls Prevention. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;6:318. Published 2020 Jan 14. doi:10.3389/fmed.2019.00318
  • Le Mouel C, Brette R. Anticipatory coadaptation of ankle stiffness and sensorimotor gain for standing balance. PLoS Comput Biol. 2019;15(11):e1007463. Published 2019 Nov 22. doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007463
  • Stephen R Lord, Jacqueline C T Close, New horizons in falls prevention, Age and Ageing, Volume 47, Issue 4, July 2018, Pages 492–498, 
  • Okubo Y, Schoene D, Lord SR. Step training improves reaction time, gait and balance and reduces falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Sports Medicine 2017;51:586-593
  • Mille ML, Johnson-Hilliard M, Martinez KM, Zhang Y, Edwards BJ, Rogers MW. One step, two steps, three steps more ... Directional vulnerability to falls in community-dwelling older people. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2013;68(12):1540-1548. doi:10.1093/gerona/glt062
  • Park KH, Lim JY, Kim TH. The effects of ankle strategy exercises on unstable surfaces on dynamic balance and changes in the COP. J Phys Ther Sci. 2016;28(2):456-459. doi:10.1589/jpts.28.456
  • Schulz BW, Ashton-Miller JA, Alexander NB. Maximum step length: relationships to age and knee and hip extensor capacities. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2007;22(6):689-696. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.02.008 

Single leg stance

• Alizadehsaravi L, Bruijn SM, Maas H, van Dieën JH. Modulation of soleus muscle H-reflexes and ankle muscle co-contraction with surface compliance during unipedal balancing in young and older adults. Exp Brain Res. 2020;238(6):1371-1383. doi:10.1007/s00221-020-05784-0
• Bohannon R, Larkin P, Cook A, Gear J, Singer J. Decrease in timed balance test scores with aging. Phys Ther 64(7):1067-70, 1984
• Iwamoto Y, Takahashi M, Shinkoda K. Muscle co-contraction in elderly people change due to postural stability during single-leg standing. J Physiol Anthropol. 2017;36(1):43. Published 2017 Dec 16. doi:10.1186/s40101-017-0159-1
• Graham DF, Carty CP, Lloyd DG, Barrett RS. Muscle contributions to the acceleration of the whole body centre of mass during recovery from forward loss of balance by stepping in young and older adults. PLoS One. 2017;12(10):e0185564. Published 2017 Oct 25. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0185564
• Gonzalez AM, Mangine GT, Fragala MS, et al. Resistance training improves single leg stance performance in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2014;26(1):89-92. doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0126-6
• Oliveira MR, Vieira ER, Gil AWO, et al. One-legged stance sway of older adults with and without falls. PLoS One. 2018;13(9):e0203887. Published 2018 Sep 17. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203887
• Riva D, Fani M, Benedetti MG, Scarsini A, Rocca F, Mamo C. Effects of High-Frequency Proprioceptive Training on Single Stance Stability in Older Adults: Implications for Fall Prevention. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2382747. Published 2019 May 22. doi:10.1155/2019/2382747
• Roemer K, Raisbeck L. Temporal dependency of sway during single leg stance changes with age. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2015;30(1):66-70. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.10.010
• Schneiders A, Gregory, K., Karas. S. Effect of foot position on balance ability in single-leg stance with and without visual feedback.Journal of Biomechanics Volume 49, Issue 9, 14 June 2016, Pages 1969-1972
• Stolzenberg N, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL. Postural control is associated with muscle power in post-menopausal women with low bone mass. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29(10):2283-2288. doi:10.1007/s00198-018-4599-1
• Vellas BJ, Wayne S, Romero L, et al. One-leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons. J Amer Geriatr Sco. 45:735-738, 1997

Sit to stand

• Applebaum EV, Breton D, Feng ZW, Ta AT, Walsh K, et al. (2017) Modified 30-second Sit to Stand test predicts falls in a cohort of institutionalized older veterans. PLOS ONE 12(5): e0176946. 
• Buatois S, Miljkovic D, Manckoundia P, Gueguen R, Miget P, Vancon G, et al. Five times sit to stand test is a predictor of recurrent falls in healthy community-living subjects aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56: 1575–1577. pmid:18808608
• Büchele G., Becker C., Cameron I.D., König H.H., Robinovitch S., Rapp K. Predictors of serious consequences of falls in residential aged care: Analysis of more than 70,000 falls from residents of Bavarian nursing homes. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014;15:559–563. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2014.03.015.
• Gianoudis J., Bailey C.A., Daly R.M. Associations between sedentary behaviour and body composition, muscle function and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older adults. Osteoporos. Int. 2015;26:571–579. doi: 10.1007/s00198-014-2895-y
• Gross MM, Stevenson PJ, Charette SL, Pyka G, Marcus R. Effect of muscle strength and movement speed on the biomechanics of rising from a chair in healthy elderly and young women. Gait & Posture. 1998;8:175–185. doi: 10.1016/S0966-6362(98)00033-2. 
• Hyuma Makizako, Hiroyuki Shimada, Takehiko Doi, Kota Tsutsumimoto, Sho Nakakubo, Ryo Hotta, Takao Suzuki, Predictive Cutoff Values of the Five-Times Sit-to-Stand Test and the Timed “Up & Go” Test for Disability Incidence in Older People Dwelling in the Community, Physical Therapy, Volume 97, Issue 4, April 2017, Pages 417–424,  
• Millor N, Lecumberri P, Gómez M, Martínez-Ramírez A, Izquierdo M. An evaluation of the 30-s chair stand test in older adults: frailty detection based on kinematic parameters from a single inertial unit. J Neuroeng Rehabil. 2013;10:86. Published 2013 Aug 1. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-10-86
• Pulsford R.M., Stamatakis E., Britton A.R., Brunner E.J., Hillsdon M. Associations of sitting behaviours with all-cause mortality over a 16-year follow-up: The Whitehall II study. Int. J. Epidemiol. 2015;44:1909–1916. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyv191
• Reider N, Gaul C. Fall risk screening in the elderly: A comparison of the minimal chair height standing ability test and 5-repetition sit-to-stand test. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2016;65:133-139. doi:10.1016/j.archger.2016.03.004
• Reider NC, Naylor PJ, Gaul C. Sensitivity and specificity of the minimal chair height standing ability test: a simple and affordable fall-risk screening instrument. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2015;38(2):90-95. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000025
• van Lummel RC, Evers J, Niessen M, Beek PJ, van Dieën JH. Older Adults with Weaker Muscle Strength Stand up from a Sitting Position with More Dynamic Trunk Use. Sensors (Basel). 2018;18(4):1235. Published 2018 Apr 17. doi:10.3390/s18041235 
• Zhang F, Ferrucci L, Culham E, Metter EJ, Guralnik J, Deshpande N. Performance on five times sit-to-stand task as a predictor of subsequent falls and disability in older persons. J Aging Health. 2013;25: 478–492. pmid:23407343